The article focuses on the theoretical analysis of researches devoted to problems of concepts of self-adjustment of human behavior and self-efficacy, approaches to self-adjustment and self-efficacy phenomena, as well as levels and structural components. Age peculiarities of late adolescence and early adulthood in the context of significance of self-adjustment and self-efficacy maturity at this stage of ontogenesis are described. The article reveals such points as empirical study of self-adjustment and self-efficacy among first- and second-year students of a technical university, and the study data analysis. The percentage of the levels of general self-adjustment, its components and self-efficacy as well as perspectives of further study of self-adjustment of human behavior in education space of a higher educational establishment are specified.